Dopamine - Drug Monograph

Comprehensive information about Dopamine including mechanism, indications, dosing, and safety information.

Introduction

Dopamine hydrochloride is a naturally occurring catecholamine neurotransmitter that functions as a vasoactive adrenergic agonist. It is clinically administered as an intravenous infusion for hemodynamic support in critical care settings. Dopamine represents one of the most fundamental inotropic and vasopressor agents used in modern medicine, particularly in shock states and acute heart failure.

Mechanism of Action

Dopamine exerts dose-dependent pharmacologic effects through stimulation of adrenergic receptors:

  • Low doses (0.5-2 mcg/kg/min): Primarily activates dopamine-1 receptors, causing renal and mesenteric vasodilation
  • Moderate doses (2-10 mcg/kg/min): Stimulates β1-adrenergic receptors, increasing cardiac contractility and heart rate
  • High doses (>10 mcg/kg/min): Predominantly activates α1-adrenergic receptors, producing vasoconstriction and increased systemic vascular resistance

Dopamine also causes the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals, contributing to its cardiovascular effects.

Indications

FDA-approved indications:

  • Treatment of hemodynamic imbalances in shock syndrome (cardiogenic, septic, hypovolemic) after adequate fluid resuscitation
  • Adjunct in treatment of chronic cardiac decompensation and heart failure

Off-label uses:

  • Renal perfusion preservation in critical illness
  • Symptomatic bradycardia unresponsive to atropine
  • Low cardiac output states following cardiac surgery

Dosage and Administration

Preparation: Dilute in compatible IV solutions (typically NS or D5W) to concentrations of 400-3200 mcg/mL Standard dosing:
  • Initial: 1-5 mcg/kg/min IV infusion
  • Titrate: Increase by 1-4 mcg/kg/min every 10-30 minutes to desired response
  • Maximum: Typically 20 mcg/kg/min (may exceed in extreme cases)
Special populations:
  • Renal impairment: No specific adjustment, but monitor closely
  • Hepatic impairment: Use with caution due to altered metabolism
  • Elderly: Start at lower end of dosing range
  • Pediatrics: Safety and efficacy not fully established
Administration: Must be administered through central venous access when possible due to risk of extravasation injury

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption: Not orally bioavailable; administered exclusively by IV infusion Distribution: Rapidly distributed throughout body; does not cross blood-brain barrier significantly Metabolism: Extensive metabolism by MAO, COMT, and sulfotransferases in liver, kidney, and plasma Elimination: Half-life approximately 2 minutes; excreted primarily in urine as metabolites Onset of action: Within 5 minutes of infusion initiation Duration: Effects cease within 10 minutes of discontinuation

Contraindications

  • Pheochromocytoma
  • Uncorrected tachyarrhythmias or ventricular fibrillation
  • Hypersensitivity to dopamine or sulfites (present in some formulations)
  • Avoid in patients with known hypersensitivity to sympathomimetic amines

Warnings and Precautions

Black Box Warning: None
  • Extravasation risk: May cause severe tissue necrosis; administer via central line when possible
  • Cardiac effects: May cause tachyarrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, or hypertension
  • Peripheral vascular disease: Use with extreme caution due to vasoconstrictive effects
  • Hypovolemia: Must be corrected prior to initiation
  • Occlusive vascular disease: Increased risk of tissue ischemia
  • Monitor: ECG, blood pressure, cardiac output, urine output, peripheral perfusion

Drug Interactions

Significant interactions:
  • MAO inhibitors: Markedly potentiate effects (reduce dose to 1/10 usual dose)
  • Beta-blockers: May antagonize cardiac effects
  • Alpha-blockers: May antagonize vasoconstrictive effects
  • Ergot alkaloids: Increased vasoconstrictive effects and ergotism risk
  • TCAs: May potentiate cardiovascular effects
  • Anesthetics: Increased risk of arrhythmias (especially halogenated hydrocarbons)
  • Diuretics: Additive effects on urine output

Adverse Effects

Common (>10%):
  • Tachycardia
  • Ectopic beats
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Headache
  • Hypertension
Serious:
  • Ventricular arrhythmias
  • Myocardial ischemia
  • Gangrene from extravasation
  • Severe hypertension
  • Angina pectoris
  • Azotemia
  • Hypokalemia (with diuresis)

Monitoring Parameters

Essential monitoring:
  • Continuous ECG for arrhythmias
  • Blood pressure every 2-5 minutes during titration
  • Heart rate continuously
  • Urine output hourly
  • Peripheral perfusion and pulses regularly
  • Cardiac output/index when available
  • Electrolytes (especially potassium) regularly
  • Tissue perfusion at infusion site
Additional monitoring in prolonged therapy:
  • Limb ischemia assessment
  • Digital necrosis signs
  • Bowel sounds and abdominal examination

Patient Education

For patients/families:
  • Explain the purpose and expected effects of therapy
  • Report immediately any pain, redness, or swelling at IV site
  • Understand that vital signs are monitored continuously
  • Be aware of potential side effects and report concerning symptoms
  • Understand this is a short-term therapy for acute conditions
  • Discuss importance of close monitoring and frequent assessments

References

1. Hollenberg SM, et al. "Vasopressors and Inotropes in Shock." Chest. 2020;158(5):1810-1820. 2. Overgaard CB, et al. "Dopamine: A Decade of Clinical Use." J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(15):1954-1964. 3. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. "Guidelines for Management of Heart Failure." J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(21):e159-e234. 4. Rhodes A, et al. "Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines." Crit Care Med. 2021;49(11):e1063-e1143. 5. Product Information: Dopamine HCl injection. USP prescribing information, 2022. 6. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 14th Edition. 2023. 7. Lexicomp Online. Dopamine monograph. Updated January 2024.

Medical Disclaimer

The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

The content on MedQuizzify is designed to support, not replace, the relationship that exists between a patient and their healthcare provider. If you have a medical emergency, please call your doctor or emergency services immediately.

How to Cite This Article

admin. Dopamine - Drug Monograph. MedQuizzify [Internet]. 2025 Sep 07 [cited 2025 Sep 08]. Available from: http://medquizzify.pharmacologymentor.com/blog/drug-monograph-dopamine

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