Vitamin D - Drug Monograph

Comprehensive information about Vitamin D including mechanism, indications, dosing, and safety information.

Introduction

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions as a prohormone in the human body. Unlike other vitamins, vitamin D can be synthesized endogenously through sunlight exposure to the skin. It exists in two major forms: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), with both forms requiring hepatic and renal hydroxylation to become biologically active. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis, bone metabolism, and various other physiological processes.

Mechanism of Action

Vitamin D exerts its effects through binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear receptor that regulates gene expression. The active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, facilitates bone mineralization, and regulates parathyroid hormone secretion. It also modulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune function through genomic and non-genomic pathways.

Indications

  • Treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency
  • Management of hypocalcemia in hypoparathyroidism
  • Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (in combination with calcium)
  • Management of renal osteodystrophy in chronic kidney disease
  • Prevention of rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
  • Adjunctive therapy in psoriasis (topical formulations)

Dosage and Administration

General supplementation: 600-800 IU daily for adults Vitamin D deficiency treatment: 50,000 IU weekly for 8 weeks, then maintenance dosing Osteoporosis prevention: 800-1,000 IU daily with calcium Renal impairment: Dosage adjustment required; may need active vitamin D metabolites Special populations:
  • Elderly: 800-1,000 IU daily
  • Infants: 400 IU daily
  • Pregnancy/lactation: 600 IU daily
  • Obesity: Higher doses may be required (2-3 times standard dose)

Available forms: Oral tablets, capsules, drops, injectable solutions, and topical formulations.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption: Well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract (especially with fatty meals); requires bile salts for optimal absorption Distribution: Stored in adipose tissue and liver; widely distributed throughout body Metabolism: Hydroxylated in liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], then in kidneys to active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D Elimination: Primarily excreted in bile; half-life of 25(OH)D is approximately 2-3 weeks

Contraindications

  • Hypervitaminosis D
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Hypersensitivity to vitamin D or product components
  • Malabsorption syndromes (for oral formulations without appropriate adjustment)

Warnings and Precautions

  • Risk of hypercalcemia with excessive dosing
  • Use caution in patients with renal impairment, sarcoidosis, or other granulomatous diseases
  • Monitor patients with atherosclerosis or history of kidney stones
  • May exacerbate hyperphosphatemia in renal failure patients
  • Increased risk of toxicity in immobilized patients

Drug Interactions

  • Thiazide diuretics: May increase risk of hypercalcemia
  • Corticosteroids: May reduce vitamin D effects
  • Anticonvulsants (phenytoin, phenobarbital): Increase vitamin D metabolism
  • Cholestyramine/orlistat: May decrease absorption
  • Calcium supplements: Increased risk of hypercalcemia
  • Digoxin: Hypercalcemia may potentiate digitalis toxicity

Adverse Effects

Common:
  • Nausea
  • Constipation
  • Headache
  • Weakness
Serious:
  • Hypercalcemia (symptoms: confusion, polyuria, polydipsia, nausea, vomiting)
  • Hypercalciuria
  • Nephrocalcinosis
  • Renal impairment
  • Soft tissue calcification

Monitoring Parameters

  • Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (target 20-50 ng/mL for most indications)
  • Serum calcium (total and ionized) regularly
  • Phosphorus levels
  • Renal function (BUN, creatinine)
  • Urine calcium excretion (24-hour collection if indicated)
  • Bone mineral density in osteoporosis patients
  • Parathyroid hormone levels in specific indications

Patient Education

  • Take with food for better absorption, especially containing fat
  • Do not exceed recommended dosage without medical supervision
  • Report symptoms of hypercalcemia: nausea, vomiting, constipation, weakness, confusion
  • Maintain adequate calcium intake as recommended by healthcare provider
  • Sun exposure (15-20 minutes several times weekly) can help maintain vitamin D levels
  • Inform all healthcare providers about vitamin D supplementation
  • Store properly away from heat and light

References

1. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266-281. 2. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011. 3. Rosen CJ. Clinical practice. Vitamin D insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(3):248-254. 4. Pludowski P, et al. Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality. Endocrine. 2018;61(2):218-239. 5. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. 2019. 6. Martineau AR, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ. 2017;356:i6583. 7. UpToDate. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: Definition, clinical manifestations, and treatment. 2023. 8. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Guidelines for the management of vitamin D deficiency. Endocr Pract. 2020;26(5):1-29.

Medical Disclaimer

The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

The content on MedQuizzify is designed to support, not replace, the relationship that exists between a patient and their healthcare provider. If you have a medical emergency, please call your doctor or emergency services immediately.

How to Cite This Article

admin. Vitamin D - Drug Monograph. MedQuizzify [Internet]. 2025 Sep 10 [cited 2025 Sep 10]. Available from: http://medquizzify.pharmacologymentor.com/blog/drug-monograph-vitamin-d

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